A GIS plug-in for Bayesian belief networks: Towards a transparent software framework to assess and visualise uncertainties in ecosystem service mapping

The complexity and spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem processes driving ecosystem service delivery require spatially explicit models that take into account the different parameters affecting those processes. Current attempts to model ecosystem service delivery on a broad, regional scale often depend on indicator-based approaches that are generally not able to fully capture the complexity of ecosystem processes. Moreover, they do not allow quantification of uncertainty on their predictions. In this paper, we discuss a QGIS plug-in which promotes the use of Bayesian belief networks for regional modelling and mapping of ecosystem service delivery and associated uncertainties. Different types of specific Bayesian belief network output maps, delivered by the plug-in, are discussed and their decision support capacities are evaluated. This plug-in, used in combination with firmly developed Bayesian belief networks, has the potential to add value to current spatial ecosystem service accounting methods. The plug-in can also be used in other research domains dealing with spatial data and uncertainty.     

有压输沙管道脉动压强特性试验研究

壁面脉动压强是工程上重要的研究对象,脉动强度直接影响泄洪排沙洞、输水隧洞(管道)等建筑物的稳定性和运行安全。为研究不同含沙浓度对壁面脉动压强特性的影响,以黄河细沙(d50=107μm)为研究对象,在直径80 mm的水平管道中进行模型试验,测量出每种工况下的流量、含沙浓度和脉动压强。采用统计方法对测量数据进行多方面分析,并结合快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法研究了脉动压强的功率谱密度。试验结果表明,时均压强的沿程幅值和瞬时峰值压强均随含沙浓度增加而增大,相对脉动强度随着含沙浓度增大总趋势是减小的;脉动压强概率密度为脉动压强均值接近于零的正太分布,随着含沙浓度增加分布形态从瘦高型发展成矮胖型,压强振幅变大;脉动压强功率谱密度中低频分量随着含沙浓度变大有明显的增加。     

明渠弯道边界层的Markov特性研究

针对明渠弯道湍流边界层,利用一阶Markov过程并结合象限分析法,计算了转化模式的转化概率。结果指出各象限平均自转化概率为65.51%,76.98%,69.42%,76.97%,湍流猝发的喷射和清扫发生频率最高;自转化概率P22、P44沿河宽周期性向凸岸衰减,并在弯顶凹岸处达到最大值,其随着底部环流的增大有微弱减小,但...     

沿岸输沙计算研究综述

沿岸流输沙是波浪和波生沿岸流共同作用引起的沿岸纵向泥沙运动,是海岸带重要的泥沙搬运方式.自20世纪50年代以来,国内外许多学者对这一课题进行了研究,产生了很多理论公式,本文简要分析了各家的理论思想,根据不同的研究思想将诸多公式分类,简单论述了这些公式的优劣和实用性,并提出了一些沿岸流输沙研究中存在的问题.在文章的最后,介绍了理想沙质海滩稳定曲线的研究进展,并对其中存在的问题做了简单阐述.     

边界条件对自然河流形成及演变影响机理的实验研究

运用自然模型法,采用清水冲刷成功地塑造了室内天然小河。实验研究了不同的初始河流几何边界条件以及水流条件对河流演变的影响。研究发现流量对河流展宽幅值影响最大。水流入射角的大小与河流展宽幅度及河流弯曲度的变化没有必然的联系,30°入射角时小河的河流展宽及弯曲度变化最明显。入射角对河流演变的作用只是短期的,且在演变初始阶段影响较大。受初始边界条件的影响,河流向下游演变具有滞后性及曲率变化的传递性等特点。本文最后分析了河流演变过程中的泥沙分选现象。     

Debris slopes ventilation in the periglacial zone of the Tatra Mountains (Poland and Slovakia): The indicators

This paper examines environmental indicators of debris slopes ventilation in the periglacial zone of the Tatra Mountains. Geomorphological and meteorological influences on ground surface temperature anomaly, hoarfrost, air ventilation funnels and snow melt windows, were analyzed as well as locations of long-lying snow and permafrost patches. The results show that debris slope ventilation is a common phenomenon occurring in different periods of the year. Its range is influenced mainly by substratum porosity (ground and snow cover), and the difference between the pressure inside and outside this medium (pore and atmospheric air temperature/dense; wind velocity). The height of the slope (‘chimney’) is less important. Some phenomena assumed to be evidences of slope ventilation are often connected with other factors influencing the thermal balance of the ground and the size of snow accumulation.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL DAM-BREAK FLOWS IN CURVED CHANNELS

Two-dimensional transient dam-break flows in a river with bends were theoretically studied. The river was modeled as a curved channel with a constant width and a flat bottom. The water was assumed to be an incompressible and homogeneous fluid. A channel-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system was established and the corresponding two-dimensional shallow-water equations were derived for this system. The governing equations with well-posed initial and boundary conditions were numerically solved in a rectangular domain by use of the Godunov-type finite-difference scheme, which can capture the hydraulic jump of dam-break flows. The comparison between the obtained numerical results and the experimental data of Miller and Chaudry in a semicircle channel shows the validity of the present numerical scheme. The mathematical model and the numerical method were applied to the dam-break flows in channels with various curvatures. Based on the numerical results, the influence of river curvatures on the dam-break flows was analyzed in details.     

Transition zone studies of new-to-old concrete with different binders

The weak transition zone between new and old concrete controls many properties of repaired concrete. The transition zone between aggregates and cement pastes of normal concrete has been studied by a number of researchers. But to date, there is little information available about the interfacial zone between new and old concrete. In this paper, major properties of the transition zone between new and old concrete with different binders were studied by using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The bond strength was also investigated. The test results show that the binder is a vital factor, which affects the morphology (size and shape), mineralogy and the microstructure of the transition zone in repaired concrete.     

明渠沙纹床面湍流结构实验研究

沙纹的形成会显著地影响床面附近的湍流结构。论文通过水槽实验，模拟了天然河流中沙纹的形成，并针对最终形成的稳定沙纹形态，利用声学Doppler测速仪采集了沙纹床面不同位置处的高频流速过程数据，继而对脉动强度、雷诺应力、湍流动能及自相关函数等湍流特征量进行了计算，并分析了沙纹床面湍流结构和特点，为进一步的理论和数值研究提供了有价值的参考数据和依据。     

渗流作用下的岸坡非均匀沙起动

在考虑渗流作用、泥沙组成的非均匀性、泥沙之间的相互影响等使得泥沙起动具有随机性的影响因素基础上,对岸坡上的泥沙进行受力分析,采用滚动平衡方式推导了岸坡上泥沙起动流速公式,并采用实测资料对此进行验证,计算值与实测值较为符合。